A total of 119 datas
CD13 is expressed on most peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes, as well as on most acutemyeloid leukemias, chronic myeloid leukemias, and a few lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid cell lines. CD13 is also present on fibroblasts, endothe lial cells, renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, spinal cordstromal cells, osteoclasts, and renal tubular cells.
CD11c is a member of the integrin family of adhesion proteins. It is reported that CD11c is mainly expressed in myeloid cells such as myelocytes, promyelocytes, metamyelocytes, and non-segmented and segmented neutrophils in normal tissues. It is highly expressed on the surface of tissue macrophages and monocytes, and at low levels in granulocytes. It has been reported to be expressed in NK cells, activatedT cells, and lymphoid lineages, including hairy cell leukemia and some dendritic cells. The CD11c antigen is a practical marker for monocytic differentiation in the classification of a cute myeloid leukemia and a practical indicator for the identification of hairy cell leukemia.
CD7 is a 40 kDa membrane-bound protein, the earliest T-lymphocyte-specific antigen expressed, and the only early marker present throughout T-cell differentiation. This antibody can be used to detect normal human T cells and for the classification of lymphomas and leukemias.
The CD4 antigen is expressed in the (helper/inducer) T cell subset, which accounts for 45% of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and is expressed at lower levels in monocytes. Most cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, including mycosis fungoides, express the CD4 antigen. HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is also usually CD4 positive.
The CD3 molecule is composed of five different polypeptide chains and is expressed on the surface of all mature T cells. This antibody reacts with a cytoplasmic protein of T cells, the CD3 antigen. T cells in thethymic cortex, medulla, and peripheral lymphoid tissues are all stained. This antibody is suitable for the diagnosis of T cells in formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded normal and tumor tissues.
CD2 is expressed on the surface of mature T cells and NK cells. CD2 can promote the recognition ofantigens by T lymphocytes and enhance the adhesion and signal transduction between T lymphocytes, thymocytes, and NK cells with antigen-presenting cells and target cells. This antibody can label normal T cells and their related tumors.
CD1a is expressed on dendritic cells, Langerhans cells of the skin, and cortical thymocytes. CD1a is used for the typing of thymic carcinoma and can also be used for the differential diagnosis of thymic tumors and primary thoracic tumors.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that can assist in the rapid synthesis of carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions from carbon dioxide and water, and is highly expressed in mammalian tissues. Many genes are induced by hypoxia through HIF-1a. CA-9 is one of the most important of these hypoxia- ind ucible genes due to its stability and location within the membrane. Carbonic anhydrase regulates pH in normal tissues by regulating ions. Changes in pH can reflect cell death under hypoxic conditions. High expression of CA-9 leads to increased cell death under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, CA-9 is a reliable histochemical marker of hypoxia.
Calcitonin (CT) is a 32-amino acid peptide synthesized by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. It reduces serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, reducing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and reducing intestinal calcum absorption. Its action is therefore opposite tothat of parathyroid hormone. The CT gene transcript also encodes calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP),which is a potent vasodilator. In thyroid parafollicular cells, 95% of the CT/CGRP is processed and translated toproduce CT. However, in nerve cells, 99% of the CT/CGRP RNA is translated into CGRP. Thyroid C-cells cangive rise to endocrine tumors, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which can be sporadic (75% of cases) or hereditary (25% of cases).
Cadherin-17 is part of the cadherin super family of calcium-dependent, membrane-associated glycoproteins. It plays an important role in the tissue formation of the liver and intestine. In normal tissues, Cadherin-17 is expressed in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic ducts, but not in the kidney, liver, and some other tissues. In tumor tissues, Cadherin-17 is positively expressed in malignant tumors of the digestive system and liver cancer. This antibody is a highly sensitive marker in the identification of gastrointestinal epithelial metaplasia and highly differentiated adenocarcinoma.
CK20 is a 46 kDa cyto keratin that shows positive staining in normal gastrointestinal epithelium, Merkelcells, and urothelium. It is mainly used for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, Merkel cellcarcinoma, and ovarian mucinous tumors. CK20 is often used in combination with CK7 to determine the primary site of cancer.
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